Acoustic sensors enable efficient and non-invasive monitoring of a wide range of species, including many that are difficult to monitor in other ways. Although they were initially limited in application scope largely due to cost and hardware constraints, the development of low-cost, open-source models like the Audiomoth in recent years has increased access immensely and opened up new avenues of research. For example, some teams are using them to identify illicit human activities through the detection of associated sounds, like gunshots, vehicles, or chainsaws (e.g. OpenEars).
With this relatively novel dimension of wildlife monitoring rapidly advancing in both marine and terrestrial systems, it is crucial that we identify and share information about the utility and constraints of these sensors to inform efforts. A recent study identified advancements in hardware and machine learning applications, as well as early development of acoustic biodiversity indicators, as factors facilitating progress in the field. In terms of limitations, the authors highlight insufficient reference sound libraries, a lack of open-source audio processing tools, and a need for standardization of survey and analysis protocols. They also stress the importance of collaboration in moving forward, which is precisely what this group will aim to facilitate.
If you're new to acoustic monitoring and want to get up to speed on the basics, check out these beginner's resources and conversations from across the WILDLABS platform:
Three Resources for Beginners:
- Listening to Nature: The Emerging Field of Bioacoustics, Adam Welz
- Ecoacoustics and Biodiversity Monitoring, RSEC Journal
- Monitoring Ecosystems through Sound: The Present and Future of Passive Acoustics, Ella Browning and Rory Gibb
Three Forum Threads for Beginners:
- AudioMoth user guide | Tessa Rhinehart
- Audiomoth and Natterjack Monitoring (UK) | Stuart Newson
- Help with analysing bat recordings from Audiomoth | Carlos Abrahams
Three Tutorials for Beginners:
- "How do I perform automated recordings of bird assemblages?" | Carlos Abrahams, Tech Tutors
- "How do I scale up acoustic surveys with Audiomoths and automated processing?" | Tessa Rhinehart, Tech Tutors
- Acoustic Monitoring | David Watson, Ruby Lee, Andy Hill, and Dimitri Ponirakis, Virtual Meetups
Want to know more about acoustic monitoring and learn from experts in the WILDLABS community? Jump into the discussion in our Acoustic Monitoring group!
Header image: Carly Batist
University of Pittsburgh
Studying macroecology and conservation using bioacoustics
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- @leonardoscarpa
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I'm Leonardo, I'm a biologist, and I'm passionate about movement ecology. Another of my hobbies is GIS. I have a master's degree in this topic, which I complement with the use of technology such as drones, camera traps and acoustic receivers
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Society for Conservation GIS
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- @Thomas_Luypaert
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Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU)
Ecological monitoring enthusiast with a focus on ecological and conservation research
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I'm a wildlife ecologist with interests in a range of technology.
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CIBIO-InBio
I am a PhD student working on wolf bioacoustics. I am combining Audiomoths and Deep Learning into more efficient wolf monitoring protocols. My main field of interest is population ecology.
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Technologist and Visual storyteller focusing on social, conservations issues.
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- @nlubcker
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Results-Driven R&D Project Manager | Data scientist | I'm a versatile professional with 10 years of global experience in conservation and research.
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- @mariammatta
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User experience designer focusing on marine mammal conservation through UX-driven exploration of bioacoustics.
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- @ecosystem2
- | he/him
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Seeking interested individuals with qualifications and educational background and experience in marine species biology/ecology (marine mammals, sea turtles, fish, seabirds, etc.); with skills in applied scientific study...
31 August 2022
Marine Acoustics, Inc. (MAI) is seeking an Acoustic Modeler and Analyst to assist us in the analysis of underwater acoustic system performance and the effect underwater acoustic transmissions have on the marine...
30 August 2022
Boost cons tech capacity at an international NGO! Fauna & Flora International is offering a paid three-month internship to consolidate and share best practices for the application of emerging hardware and software...
26 August 2022
Article
An update on Ceres Tags products that are being used in conservation
22 August 2022
Funding
Wildlife Acoustics' grant program to receive bioacoustic tools and software is now accepting applications. Apply for up to $4,000 worth of products and software licenses.
9 August 2022
Gavin Jones is seeking a postdoctoral researcher to join his movemebt ecology and bioacoustics work focusing on spotted owls.
4 August 2022
The Earth Species Project (ESP) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to decoding animal communication and translating non-human language.
15 July 2022
PAM & transfer learning, defining occupancy in surveys, effects of anthropogenic noise on fish, soundscapes to track ecosystem recovery, detecting sharks with echosounders, using PAMGuard to detect marine mammals
21 June 2022
The Sound and Light Ecology Team, a collaboration between Colorado State University and National Park Service scientists, is hiring an acoustic ecology postdoctoral fellow in Fort Collins, CO.
16 June 2022
Rainforest Connection has multiple engineering positions that will suppor their work developing acoustic monitoring devices.
16 June 2022
Video recording of workshop held in Madagascar + PDFs of slide, links to other resources & terrestrial PAM bibliography
13 June 2022
Acoustic pingers to reduce net entanglement of river dolphins, acoustic observatories for sperm whales, detectability of dolphin whistles, monitoring sperm whales through echolocation rates
11 June 2022
June 2024
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43 Products
Recently updated products
Description | Activity | Replies | Groups | Updated |
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If you search Digikey for a 'strain relief' you should be able to find a rubber grommet that will hold that mic without any additional machining. A blob of silicone will adhesive... |
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Acoustics | 2 hours 56 minutes ago | |
Hello everyone, We are in the process of developing a new MSc in Conservation Technology at my university and would welcome your... |
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Build Your Own Data Logger Community, AI for Conservation, Autonomous Camera Traps for Insects, Biologging, Camera Traps, Citizen Science, Climate Change, Acoustics, Community Base, Connectivity, Conservation Dogs, Conservation Tech Training and Education, Data management and processing tools, Drones, Early Career, Earth Observation 101 Community, East Africa Community, eDNA & Genomics, Emerging Tech, Ending Wildlife Trafficking Online, Ethics of Conservation Tech, Footprint Identification Technique (FIT), Human-Wildlife Conflict, Marine Conservation, Open Source Solutions, Protected Area Management Tools, Remote Sensing & GIS, Sensors, Software and Mobile Apps, Sustainable Fishing Challenges, Wildlife Crime, Women in Conservation Tech Programme (WiCT) | 5 hours 4 minutes ago | |
Thanks Carly! I had reviewed some of the help files, but clearly not the right ones!My email is [email protected] |
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Acoustics, Software and Mobile Apps | 22 hours 32 minutes ago | |
Hi Tabitha, What recording settings were you using when you saw these differences? I've measured the consumption across some different firmware versions and I can't see any... |
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Acoustics | 5 days 9 hours ago | |
Wow.. Really exciting to see this effort. Congratulations on the award!I have been interested in this subject for a long time, as we have elephant-human conflicts in plenty in... |
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Acoustics | 1 week 3 days ago | |
Hello!Long time, no update. @StephODonnell suggested I post here with my thesis and some reflections. ---------------------------------------------------------TL;DR... |
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Acoustics | 2 weeks 6 days ago | |
I think I've landed on the Wildlife Acoustics Song Meter Mini Bat 2 for now, but I'm definitely interested to see how this cheaper tech progresses |
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Acoustics | 2 weeks 6 days ago | |
Hi Jesse,For a material to be acoustically transparent (in air), the speed of sound in the material times its density must match that of air. Realistically, any solid... |
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Acoustics, Biologging | 3 weeks ago | |
Hi Steph, We appreciate the support! Thanks for the tag and your help managing the community!Patrick |
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Sensors, Acoustics, Conservation Dogs, Emerging Tech, Open Source Solutions | 3 weeks ago | |
Hi Sol,If the maximum depth is 30m, it would be worth experimenting with HydroMoth in this application especially if the deployment time is short. As Matt says, the air-filed case... |
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Acoustics, AI for Conservation, Data management and processing tools, Emerging Tech, Sustainable Fishing Challenges | 3 weeks ago | |
Oh wow, thank you so much!!!I will keep that four advices in mind! |
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Acoustics | 3 weeks 1 day ago | |
You won't get any audio if you don't allow enough time for the hydromoth/audiomoth to write. So when you do a continuous recording you need to experiment a little. I'm sure there... |
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Acoustics | 3 weeks 2 days ago |
Sensor availability in the PRC
14 April 2022 1:16am
4 June 2022 4:01am
Hi Harold--
That's awesome news! Can you shoot me an email at [email protected] and I'll try to put you in touch.
21 June 2022 6:08am
Jamie's tip piqued my curiosity, so I bought what I thought might be what Jamie was talking about. It is an SK-001 as detailed here (not my video) for SGD4 or thereabouts. The price alone boggles the mind, though there are some characteristics that should be borne in mind if used for conservation work.
Foremost is the use of MP3 rather than raw uncompressed WAV which make comparing this data with existing recordings challenging. Second, an electret condenser mic is used, so manual calibration of recordings may be required (MEMS mics OTOH have stricter characteristics that are documented). Third, it is unknown what kind of AGC or signal companding is used (this is in addition to data compression). Since the device is advertised as a voice recorder, the presence of AGC/companding/noise gate features would not be surprising. Also, I could not get it to work with a 64G micro SD card, but 32G was ok.
The SK-001 device could be useful for presence/absence type of PAM. For other work, more testing would be needed to see if this device would be suitable.
Once again, I'm referring only to the SK-001 that I bought that I thought Jamie might be referring to. These comments may not apply to other low cost recorders.
Careers in Bioacoustics
9 June 2022 5:13pm
20 June 2022 6:02pm
Hi Eric,
Dropping in a reply we had over on Linkedin here. Annoyingly I can't do a snazzy embed of the comment - will fix that!
I guess it depends on whether you want to stay in academia or go into industry. Overtime working hours are preprogrammed in academia without appropriate compensation. Austrian funding agencies pay a reasonable wage. I believe it could be improved.
I've always enjoyed working with exotic animals like elephants, giraffes, and giant pandas, as well as the collaborative and international work. This experience shaped me into the person I am today, and I don't want to missany of it. Personally, I believe that bioacoustics has not received the respect that it deserves, including the bioacousticians who put their lives into their projects. I am convinced that bioacoustics can be a valuable tool in conservation. Throughout my career, non-academics and the tech industry have approached me numerous times about using bioacoustics as a conservation monitoring tool. And I frequently feel stepped on when asked to provide material without appreciating the work behind the data, especially when it comes from economically-driven institutes that are unwilling to compensate. The fact is that the best conservation Technology is meaningless without solid basic data.
In retrospective, a more tech-oriented educational background would have been good!
Steph
Bird Acoustic Solution
9 June 2022 11:31pm
11 June 2022 1:16pm
There are a bunch of different options for detecting calls in audio data, from proper statistical platforms such as R/Python, to bespoke software such as Arbimon, Kaleidoscope & Raven. Edge Impulse also an online ML model-building interface, but this is more focused on then deploying the models onto devices for edge computing. Arbimon has template matching features that are a good way to start finding detections to build a training dataset, I have used it for this in the past. Arbimon is online & free. Kaleidoscope has a clustering function which is again a good first step to start picking out the low-hanging fruit of detections so to speak. It's a desktop app, but this is not free ($400/yr). Raven also has some automated features - template & band-limited entropy detectors. It's also a desktop app and not free ($100-$800 depending on 1-year or permanent license and whether non-profit or not; not sure where a government agency would fit into that).
There is always the ubiquitous split between biologists who traditionally are taught to use R and tech/computer folks who are taught to use Python, but for ML, Python's ecosystem is really well set up. Not sure what the level of programming you/your dept has, but there are a TON of free resources online for learning it if you were interested.
Relevant Python bioacoustics packages potentially of use - Acoustic_Indices, scikit-maad, Ketos, OpenSoundscape (as well as the obvious ML ones such as TensorFlow)
Some R packages as well - soundecology, bioacoustics, monitoR, warbleR, gibbonR
@tessa_rhinehart has created a fabulous list of bioacoustics software that you can find here: https://github.com/rhine3/bioacoustics-software.
You can also turn to articles that have already done similar things and reach out to the authors to discuss their methods. I've got a (totally un-exhaustive) list of papers on passive acoustic monitoring, with a section on 'analyses' that you might find useful to start with; I can email it to you if you'd like. Working on a PAM training materials page on my website that it will be available at shortly as well (will post the link to Wildlabs when it's live!).
Hope this is helpful!
16 June 2022 9:27am
Hi,
Look at this publication (below) and download the BirdNet app. The computer code is provided to train ML algorithm that will allow you to tailor the model with your own data.
Thanks, Mrigesh
20 June 2022 1:00am
Thank you @carlybatist , @Freaklabs and @MK . The inputs are very useful and I am progressing on my project based on that. Appreciate a lot.
Hiring Acoustic Ecology Postdoctoral Fellow
16 June 2022 4:02pm
Multiple Roles with Rainforest Connection
16 June 2022 9:15am
Passive acoustic training workshop video/materials
13 June 2022 4:03pm
New papers on marine acoustic monitoring
11 June 2022 2:36pm
Ocean Tracking Network - Telemetry Data Study Hall
8 June 2022 6:48pm
Audio Data Across Domains (AudioXD) Workshop
7 June 2022 3:48pm
New microprocessor for low power AI camera & audio applications from Microchip
3 June 2022 8:36pm
New article (Reuters): Orca stuck in river to be lured to sea using drone with loudspeakers
1 June 2022 4:02pm
Enhancing automated analysis of marine soundscapes using eco-acoustic indices and machine learning
31 May 2022 6:33pm
UKAN+ Monitoring UK Biodiversity Symposium 15-16th June
31 May 2022 2:58pm
New papers on passive acoustic monitoring
29 May 2022 7:24pm
1 June 2022 3:00pm
4 June 2022 3:09pm
New paper: Animal soundscapes reveal key markers of Amazon forest degradation from fire and logging
29 May 2022 12:43pm
Microphone for bird monitoring on Raspberry Pi
21 August 2019 5:45pm
26 August 2019 1:51pm
I can understand the reluctance to go down the I2c route on linux, but I bought some Adafruit MEMs mics (https://www.adafruit.com/product/3421) and they work fine.
If you want to dip a toe in the water, are not too cost concious, but want something you just plug in and it (largely) pretty much works, then I'd recommend looking at the seeed respeaker. Its an array, and is probably overkill for what you want. It does come with quite a bit of hand holding though, I got a "4 mic linear". Connect some jumper wires, screw on a board, install some software (!). OK for a POC (proof of concept) and as a sanity check.
Going back to the Adafruits mems breakouts, I have them wired back to the pi by re-using old CAT5 network cable, so the pi can be in one place and the mics somewhat remote - eg round the other side of a tree? I configured a lot of software to get this working as I wanted, but it essentially removes "white noise", does file compression etc.
9 May 2022 4:04pm
apologies - ignore this reply (or if someone can delete it please do!) I have forum blindness and thought this thread was also about using Birdnet but I realise it isn't.... I suspect this is a setting on Birdnet-Pi so will post on their forums...
Hi Paul, have been trying to get a i2c mic working with Birdnet but am having challenges in getting it working. I can install the adafruit mems you mention above and getting it working directly but when I try to use it through Birdnet I am failing. Have done some rebooting, testing, search forums but am drawing a blank - did yours work "out the box"?
27 May 2022 3:42pm
Hi Julien,
I use this mic for my raspberry pi setup and it works well picking up bird species singing in our garden while the mic and raspberry sit under our roof tiles.
Greetings,
Robin
Passive Acoustic Monitoring - Malagasy Training Workshop
9 May 2022 4:10pm
Help with AudioMoth configuration for bat recording
17 February 2022 1:31pm
11 March 2022 2:11pm
Koen,
Hi - the config for the audiomoth looks fine (you could put a high-pass filter on to cover frequencies 12-96 kHz only). The scheduler is not set (you have 0 files per day), but presume this is just the screenshot.
The issue you have, though, is to do with your loudspeaker - presuming it is just a standard one. Standard music/computer speakers are tuned to human range of hearing and don't emit sound above around 20 kHz. They won't emit ultrasound to 100 kHz. For that you need specialised equipment. If you want to generate some ultrasound yourself though, just rub your fingers together, or jangle some keys near the Audiomoth!
Hope that's of some use, Carlos
Apply now: Women in Conservation Technology Programme, Kenya
8 March 2022 12:00am
BirdCLEF 2022 Kaggle Challenge
2 March 2022 12:00am
Acoustic monitoring - sharks
23 February 2022 5:31pm
Introducing the WILDLABS On the Edge Fellows
10 February 2022 12:00am
Using rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for AudioMoths and/or Swift's
13 October 2021 5:32pm
25 October 2021 7:05pm
Actually it's interesting. I think it might be a good opportunity to think about how we can transition to rechargeable batteries in the field. Shipping them is possible if you follow postal rules and pay for hazardous material charges. But it needs to be planned in advance. Anyways, might be a good conversation to have in the community. But there also needs to be other foundational work like understanding how they're used, getting chargers in the field, and how to interface rechargeables to standard equipment.
25 October 2021 8:02pm
I've taken rechargeable batteries on planes no problem - NiMH can go in checked luggage. I use NiMH D batteries for the Swift's, because they take more and so it still lasts long. The Audiomoth is harder, because it's just the 3 AAs and even with lithium-ion you only get ~1 month. The drop off to NiMH is like a week, from my (minimal) trial-and-erroring.
20 January 2022 3:58am
We've been using 18650 lithium ion protected cells in our BAR recorders since 2013. The protected cells are great because the protection circuitry kicks in to disconnect the battery and save it from being dicharged too much. It also protects against short circuit.
So if you did want to give 18650 batteries a try then I'd recommend a Keystone 1043P (P for polarised so you can only fit the battery one way) battery holder and KeepPower protected 18650. There are a few other brands too that fit that battery holder ok but that's a common consistent brand.
Eizfan and XTAR make good chargers.
Most of our customers use them in the same continent and drive or road freight their recorders to site and so don' thave any problems shipping them.
We've heard of some problems on planes taking them as hand luggage and it's just luck of the draw if the particular person you encounter in the baggage area knows what their lithium ion battery policy is. I've usually heard of I think attempts to get this claried at the airline level has lead to a run around too.
Some people get to check them in if the batteries are fitted into the battery holders because they consider it built in like a phone or laptop. The spare batteries often go on as hand luggage. We have plastic battery cases to hold the cells for travel.
If you're sending it overseas we find that DHL, UPS and Fdex seem to take about a month to get the paperwork sorted out to give you permission on your account to ship lithium ion batteries with your recorders. Once you have permission though you can do it whenever you need to in the future for subsequenct studies. Look up the IATA regulations for packing lithium ion batteries with your equipment. You'll need to know this so you can tell DHL etc what permission you need and what you typically do. We use UN3481 packing instruction 966 section II becasue our cells are <20Wh and we can ship 5kg of batteries in a carton along with our recorders.
https://www.iata.org/en/publications/newsletters/iata-knowledge-hub/what-to-know-about-how-to-ship-lithium-batteries/
Mark Calder
Frontier Labs www.frontierlabs.com.au
Special session on "Open-Source and Free Tools for Bioacoustics" at the ASA Meting in Denver
3 January 2022 2:27pm
14 January 2022 12:13pm
Do you know if there are plans for remote attendance?
14 January 2022 1:19pm
Unfortunately, the ASA is currently planning to do an in-person meeting only. Things may change if the COVID situation doesn't improve in May, but it is hard to predict at this point.
Bioacoustics Webinar: Primates You May Have Missed
14 January 2022 12:00am
GroupGets: AudioMoth Underwater Case
11 January 2022 12:00am
New Paper: HydroMoth Testing
5 January 2022 12:00am
Deep Learning for Marine Ecology and Conservation
20 December 2021 12:00am
batch/automated cloud processing
27 January 2021 6:13am
18 October 2021 8:08am
Hi Antoine, did you know about our bioacoustic recorders? https://frontierlabs.com.au/ . They have the best sound recording quality and built in GPS. You can have a listen to Australia here https://data.acousticobservatory.org/projects/1 . The Australian Acoustic Observatory uses 400 of our Solar BARs across Australia and the recordings are published for anyone to use.
Unfortunately there isn't software to do an easy bird census. Do you need to know every bird you can hear or just the presence of one species?
Best regards, Mark
9 November 2021 4:24pm
Wanted to chime with another option. My lab develops OpenSoundscape, a Python software package for training machine learning models for bioacoustic detection, especially convolutional neural networks. Check it out at http://opensoundscape.org/
I see that the list of bioacoustic softwares was mentioned earlier in the thread (thanks Carly!) - I'm always on the lookout for new softwares to add to that, so drop me a line if you see a package that is currently maintained and relevant to bioacoustics but is not included on the list.
(Here's the link: https://github.com/rhine3/audiomoth-guide/blob/master/resources/analysis-software.md)
9 November 2021 9:48pm
Hi all,
For everyone's reference but also a new one for your list Tessa (just checked and it isn't there yet) -
Fuentes, M., Salamon, J., Zinemanas, P., Rocamora, M., Paja, G., Román, I. R., ... & Bello, J. P. (2021). Soundata: A Python library for reproducible use of audio datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.12690. https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12690.
3 June 2022 11:38pm
Hi David,
I can build him one per requirements. I'm getting started on the solar powered variant. If your scholar is in the Beijing area, I can put him in touch with a colleague who does this sort of work.