Hi Mandy, writing from Indonesia where we manage the Sumatra Merang Peatland Project (SMPP) which is in a landscape supporting some of the last Sumatran tigers. Our project is part of a corridor including two national parks and a few scattered conservation areas within active oil palm and Acacia plantations. There's not a lot of room for tigers and they do range through human communities or come into contact with plantation workers. 

Fatal attacks are rare but two occurred in 2022. We hold annual HWC trainings with communities but also celebrate International Tiger Day with them, having a light-hearted event with games, face paint, and education of the importance of biodiversity, even when scary. We emphasize common sense personal safety measures to reduce the potential for conflict. Luckily livestock aren't very common in this area so that conflict trigger is not a major issue. Mostly it's about restricting activity at dusk/night/dawn, travelling in groups, not running, etc. We haven't found any feasible tech options (tagging is beyond our scope/budget) but we do use camera traps to see if/when tigers are present in/around our project area. This can only do so much for HWC as it's not a rapid response tool but does indicate presence. 

Regarding your question "Who/what parties should be held responsible for the loss of life, both human and tiger? Can they be held responsible?" there isn't an easy answer! Indonesian law technically gives tigers the same right-to-life as humans but in practice reprisals of course happen. In our region the military did respond to the 2022 events with patrols and presence, but they were not allowed to shoot. Obviously there is no proactive recourse against the tiger itself as a responsible party. It's an opportunity to redouble efforts on community education to explain why the attacks occurred (both fatalities were at forest frontiers, crouching with back to the forest, etc) and how to avoid re-occurrence!